The interfacial polymerization (IP) of piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) has been extensively utilized to synthesize nanofiltration (NF) membranes. However. it is still a huge challenge to monitor the IP reaction. because of the fast reaction rate and the formed ultra-thin film. https://www.alarecre.com/American-Flag-Color-Block-iPhone-14-Waterproof-Case-p12619/